Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: Clinical Implication and Practice for Treatment of Psychiatric Illness
Chaeyeon Yang1, Bori Jung1,2, Seung-Hwan Lee1,3
1Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
2Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
Correspondence to: Seung-Hwan Lee
Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, 170 Juhwa-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang 10380, Korea
E-mail: lshpss@paik.ac.kr
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0305-3709
Received: July 19, 2023; Accepted: August 9, 2023; Published online: September 11, 2023.
© The Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology. All rights reserved.

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Brain electrical stimulation, particularly non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), have emerged as a promising treatment for various psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. tES techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), are cost-effective and safe interventions that are designed to affect neuronal circuits in the brain using various modalities. Although tES has shown effectiveness in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, there is a lack of comprehensive papers that consider its clinical implications. Therefore, this review aims to evaluate the clinical implications of tES and provide practical guidance for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Moreover, this review provides an overview of tES techniques and their mechanisms of action and summarizes recent clinical studies that have examined the use of tES for psychiatric disorders.
Keywords: Transcranial electrical stimulation; Transcranial direct current stimulation; Transcranial alternating current stimulation; Transcranial random noise stimulation

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