Hyperarousal-state of Insomnia Disorder in Wake-resting State Quantitative Electroencephalography
Gyutae Jang1,*, Han Wool Jung1,*, Jiheon Kim1,2, Hansol Kim1, Ji‑Hyeon Shin3, Chan-Hyung Kim4, Do-Hoon Kim1,2, Sang-Kyu Lee2, Daeyoung Roh1,2
1Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
2Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
3Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioural Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Correspondence to: Daeyoung Roh
Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, 77 Sakju-ro, Chuncheon 24253, Korea
E-mail: omydoc@hallym.ac.kr
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7242-9496

*These first authors contributed equally to this work.
Received: February 10, 2023; Revised: March 15, 2023; Accepted: March 16, 2023; Published online: May 26, 2023.
© The Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology. All rights reserved.

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Objective: Insomnia is associated with elevated high-frequency electroencephalogram power in the waking state. Although affective symptoms (e.g., depression and anxiety) are commonly comorbid with insomnia, few reports distinguished objective sleep disturbance from affective symptoms. In this study, we investigated whether daytime electroencephalographic activity explains insomnia, even after controlling for the effects of affective symptoms.
Methods: A total of 107 participants were divided into the insomnia disorder (n = 58) and healthy control (n = 49) groups using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder. The participants underwent daytime resting-state electroencephalography sessions (64 channels, eye-closed).
Results: The insomnia group showed higher levels of anxiety, depression, and insomnia than the healthy group, as well as increased beta [t(105) = −2.56, p = 0.012] and gamma [t(105) = −2.44, p = 0.016] spectra. Among all participants, insomnia symptoms positively correlated with the intensity of beta (r = 0.28, p < 0.01) and gamma (r = 0.25, p < 0.05) spectra. Through hierarchical multiple regression, the beta power showed the additional ability to predict insomnia symptoms beyond the effect of anxiety (ΔR2 = 0.041, p = 0.018).
Conclusion: Our results showed a significant relationship between beta electroencephalographic activity and insomnia symptoms, after adjusting for other clinical correlates, and serve as further evidence for the hyperarousal theory of insomnia. Moreover, resting-state quantitative electroencephalography may be a supplementary tool to assess insomnia.
Keywords: Spectral power analysis; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale

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